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should be included in project presentation results?","id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0"},{"questionText":"Why is practicing the presentation important?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"f","2":"O","3":"Y","4":"4","5":"8","6":"I","7":"y","8":"m","9":"W","10":"6","11":"y","12":"1","13":"j","14":"r","15":"G","16":"Z","17":"o","18":"9","19":"q","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"}],"explanation":"Practicing helps refine timing, smooth transitions, and ensure all key points are covered within the allotted time.","id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1","options":[{"text":"To ensure it fits time constraints","id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1","text":"To memorize every word"},{"id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2","text":"To avoid any questions"},{"text":"To eliminate all slides","id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3"}],"questionType":"single"}]},"id":"5fOY48IymW6y1jrGZo9q-mod-5-lesson-3","content":"$6f"}],"title":"Capstone Testing Project"}],"category":"Tech","dataAiHint":"software testing","isPublished":true,"certificateFee":7000,"updatedAt":"2025-07-04T15:19:40.794Z"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5","title_lowercase":"cybersecurity fundamentals – protecting digital assets","instructorId":"fM5QnjRqa3PR9oxCQn1dz1DFjt33","price":45000,"certificateFee":7000,"level":"Intermediate","isPublished":true,"modules":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0","title":"Introduction to Cybersecurity","lessons":[{"quiz":{"questions":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-0","questionText":"Which framework includes the five functions: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover?","questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"explanation":"The NIST Cybersecurity Framework organizes cybersecurity activities into these five core functions.","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0","text":"ISO 27001"},{"text":"NIST CSF","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"PCI DSS","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"CIS Controls","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3"}]},{"options":[{"text":"45%","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-1-opt-0"},{"text":"75%","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-1-opt-2","text":"85%"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-1-opt-3","text":"95%"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}],"explanation":"Studies show 95% of cybersecurity breaches involve human error, highlighting the importance of security awareness training.","questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0-q-1","questionText":"What percentage of breaches are caused by human error?"}]},"title":"Cybersecurity Landscape","projectTask":"","content":"## Understanding the Cybersecurity Landscape\n\n### Current Threat Landscape:\n- **Evolution of cyber threats**: From viruses to advanced persistent threats (APTs)\n- **Major attack vectors**: Phishing, ransomware, DDoS, insider threats\n- **Threat actors**: Hacktivists, nation-states, cybercriminals, script kiddies\n\n### Cybersecurity Domains:\n1. **Network Security**: Protecting network infrastructure\n2. **Application Security**: Securing software and devices\n3. **Information Security**: Safeguarding data integrity\n4. **Operational Security**: Processes and decisions for handling data\n\n### Key Statistics:\n- Average cost of a data breach: $4.35 million (2022)\n- 95% of breaches caused by human error\n- Ransomware attacks occur every 11 seconds\n\n### Cybersecurity Frameworks:\n```markdown\n1. NIST Cybersecurity Framework (Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover)\n2. ISO/IEC 27001\n3. CIS Critical Security Controls\n4. PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry)\n```","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1","projectTask":"","content":"$70","title":"Security Principles & CIA Triad","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionText":"Which component of the CIA triad does encryption primarily support?","explanation":"Encryption primarily ensures confidentiality by making data unreadable to unauthorized parties.","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-0","options":[{"text":"Confidentiality","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1","text":"Integrity"},{"text":"Availability","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"All three equally","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3"}],"questionType":"single"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-1","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-1-opt-0","text":"Digital signatures"},{"text":"RAID configurations","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-1-opt-2","text":"SHA-256 hashing"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-1-q-1-opt-3","text":"Load balancers"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"questionType":"multi","explanation":"Digital signatures and hashing verify data integrity, while RAID and load balancers support availability.","questionText":"Select all methods that help maintain data integrity:"}]}},{"content":"$71","quiz":{"questions":[{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"questionType":"single","explanation":"Repudiation threats involve denying participation in a transaction or action.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-0","questionText":"Which STRIDE threat involves denying that an action occurred?","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-0-opt-0","text":"Spoofing"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-0-opt-1","text":"Tampering"},{"text":"Repudiation","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-0-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-0-opt-3","text":"Information Disclosure"}]},{"questionText":"What is the correct formula for Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE)?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"}],"options":[{"text":"ALE = SLE × ARO","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-1-opt-1","text":"ALE = SLE + ARO"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-1-opt-2","text":"ALE = SLE / ARO"},{"text":"ALE = SLE - ARO","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-1-opt-3"}],"explanation":"ALE is calculated by multiplying Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) by Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO).","questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2-q-1"}]},"projectTask":"","title":"Threat Modeling & Risk Assessment","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-2"},{"content":"$72","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionText":"Which regulation requires 72-hour breach notification?","options":[{"text":"HIPAA","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0"},{"text":"GDPR","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"PCI DSS","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"SOX","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-0","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"0","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionType":"single","explanation":"The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) mandates notification within 72 hours of becoming aware of a breach."},{"questionType":"matching","pairs":[{"key":"AUP","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-1-pair-0","value":"Defines proper use of company resources"},{"key":"Password Policy","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-1-pair-1","value":"Specifies complexity and rotation requirements"},{"key":"Incident Response Policy","value":"Outlines breach handling procedures","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-1-pair-2"}],"explanation":"These policies form the foundation of an organization's security governance framework.","questionText":"Match these policy types to their descriptions:","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3-q-1"}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-0-lesson-3","projectTask":"","title":"Security Policies & Compliance"}]},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1","title":"Network Security Fundamentals","lessons":[{"quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0","text":"Network"},{"text":"Transport","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"Session","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"Application","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionType":"single","explanation":"The Transport layer (Layer 4) handles end-to-end communication through protocols like TLS.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-0","questionText":"Which OSI layer is responsible for end-to-end encryption?"},{"explanation":"Zero Trust principles include explicit verification, least privilege, and assuming breach—rejecting the 'trust but verify' model.","options":[{"text":"Verify explicitly","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-1-opt-1","text":"Trust but verify"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-1-opt-2","text":"Least privilege access"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-1-opt-3","text":"Assume breach"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0-q-1","questionText":"Select all Zero Trust principles:","questionType":"multi","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}]}]},"content":"$73","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-0","title":"Network Architecture & Protocols","projectTask":""},{"content":"$74","projectTask":"","title":"Firewalls & Intrusion Prevention","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0","text":"Packet filtering"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1","text":"Stateful inspection"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2","text":"Application-level"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3","text":"Circuit-level"}],"questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-0","explanation":"Application-level firewalls can interpret and filter traffic based on application protocols like HTTP.","questionText":"Which firewall type understands application-layer protocols?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}]},{"questionType":"single","explanation":"Security best practices dictate starting with a 'deny all' policy and explicitly allowing necessary traffic.","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-1-opt-0","text":"Allow all"},{"text":"Deny all","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-1-opt-1"},{"text":"Allow outgoing","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-1-opt-2"},{"text":"Deny ICMP","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-1-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionText":"What is the recommended default firewall policy?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1-q-1"}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-1"},{"content":"$75","title":"Secure Network Administration","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"text":"HTTP","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-0-opt-1","text":"SNMPv1"},{"text":"SSH","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"RDP","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-0-opt-3"}],"explanation":"SSH provides encrypted remote access, unlike Telnet which sends credentials in clear text.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-0","questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"questionText":"Which protocol should replace Telnet for device management?"},{"options":[{"text":"WPA3","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-1-opt-1","text":"802.1X authentication"},{"text":"MAC filtering","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-1-opt-2"},{"text":"SSID hiding","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-1-opt-3"}],"questionText":"Select all valid wireless security measures:","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2-q-1","questionType":"multi","explanation":"WPA3 and 802.1X provide real security, while MAC filtering and SSID hiding offer minimal protection.","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-2","projectTask":""},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3","projectTask":"","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionType":"single","explanation":"WireGuard uses modern ChaCha20 encryption for better performance on mobile devices.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-0","questionText":"Which VPN protocol uses ChaCha20 encryption?","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0","text":"IPsec"},{"text":"OpenVPN","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"L2TP/IPsec","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3","text":"WireGuard"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}]},{"questionType":"single","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0","text":"Provides full network access"},{"text":"Grants application-level access only","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2","text":"Uses weaker encryption"},{"text":"Requires physical tokens","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3"}],"questionText":"What distinguishes ZTNA from traditional VPNs?","explanation":"ZTNA provides granular, application-level access rather than full network access.","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"1","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-1-lesson-3-q-1"}]},"title":"VPNs & Secure Remote Access","content":"$76"}]},{"title":"Cryptography & Data Protection","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2","lessons":[{"content":"## Core Cryptographic Concepts\n\n### Cryptography Goals:\n```markdown\n1. Confidentiality: Encryption\n2. Integrity: Hashing\n3. Authenticity: Digital signatures\n4. Non-repudiation: Digital certificates\n```\n\n### Algorithm Types:\n```markdown\n- **Symmetric**: AES, ChaCha20, DES (deprecated)\n * Same key for encryption/decryption\n * Fast but key distribution challenge\n\n- **Asymmetric**: RSA, ECC, DH\n * Public/private key pairs\n * Slow but solves key distribution\n\n- **Hash Functions**: SHA-256, BLAKE3\n * One-way transformations\n * Fixed-length output\n```\n\n### Key Concepts:\n```markdown\n- **Key Length**:\n * AES-128: 128 bits (secure)\n * RSA-2048: ~112-bit equivalent\n\n- **Cryptographic Agility**:\n * Ability to replace algorithms\n * Quantum-resistant planning\n```\n\n### Real-world Applications:\n```markdown\n1. TLS: RSA key exchange + AES encryption\n2. Bitcoin: ECDSA + SHA-256\n3. SSH: Diffie-Hellman + AES\n```","projectTask":"","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0","text":"Confidentiality"},{"text":"Integrity","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"Availability","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"Non-repudiation","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3"}],"explanation":"Integrity is verified through cryptographic hashes and message authentication codes.","questionText":"Which cryptographic property ensures a message hasn't been altered?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-0","questionType":"single"},{"questionText":"Select all symmetric encryption algorithms:","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"explanation":"AES and ChaCha20 are symmetric, while RSA and ECC are asymmetric algorithms.","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-1-opt-0","text":"AES"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-1-opt-1","text":"RSA"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-1-opt-2","text":"ChaCha20"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-1-opt-3","text":"ECC"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0-q-1","questionType":"multi"}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-0","title":"Cryptographic Fundamentals"},{"content":"$77","quiz":{"questions":[{"explanation":"The Certificate Authority maintains CRLs and provides OCSP services for revocation checking.","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0","text":"Registration Authority"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1","text":"Certificate Authority"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2","text":"Validation Authority"},{"text":"Trust Store","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-0","questionText":"Which PKI component maintains lists of revoked certificates?","questionType":"single"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-1","questionText":"What's the correct certificate chain order?","items":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-1-item-0","text":"End-entity cert"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-1-item-1","text":"Intermediate CA"},{"text":"Root CA","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1-q-1-item-2"}],"explanation":"The chain flows from end-entity → intermediate → root CA during verification.","questionType":"ordering","correctOrderIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"i","41":"t","42":"e","43":"m","44":"-","45":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"i","41":"t","42":"e","43":"m","44":"-","45":"1"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"i","41":"t","42":"e","43":"m","44":"-","45":"2"}]}]},"title":"Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)","projectTask":"","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-1"},{"projectTask":"","content":"## Encryption Implementation\n\n### Encryption Modes:\n```markdown\n1. **Block Cipher Modes**:\n - ECB (Insecure - patterns visible)\n - CBC (Requires IV)\n - GCM (Authenticated encryption)\n\n2. **Stream Ciphers**:\n - ChaCha20\n - RC4 (Deprecated)\n```\n\n### Key Management:\n```markdown\n- **HSM (Hardware Security Module)**:\n * Physical key protection\n * FIPS 140-2 validation\n\n- **Key Rotation**:\n * Periodic key changes\n * Automated processes\n\n- **Key Escrow**:\n * Recovery mechanisms\n * Split knowledge\n```\n\n### Data Protection States:\n```markdown\n1. **At Rest**:\n - Full disk encryption (BitLocker, LUKS)\n - Database encryption (TDE)\n\n2. **In Transit**:\n - TLS 1.2/1.3\n - IPsec\n\n3. **In Use**:\n - Homomorphic encryption\n - Secure enclaves (SGX)\n```\n\n### Performance Considerations:\n```markdown\n- AES-NI CPU acceleration\n- Cryptographic agility\n- Quantum-resistant planning (NTRU, McEliece)\n```","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionText":"Which encryption mode should never be used due to pattern visibility?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"questionType":"single","options":[{"text":"CBC","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-0-opt-0"},{"text":"GCM","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-0-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-0-opt-2","text":"ECB"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-0-opt-3","text":"CTR"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-0","explanation":"ECB mode reveals patterns because identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks."},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2-q-1","questionText":"What does HSM stand for in cryptography?","acceptableAnswers":[{"0":"H","1":"a","2":"r","3":"d","4":"w","5":"a","6":"r","7":"e","8":" ","9":"S","10":"e","11":"c","12":"u","13":"r","14":"i","15":"t","16":"y","17":" ","18":"M","19":"o","20":"d","21":"u","22":"l","23":"e"}],"maxLength":25,"questionType":"short-answer","explanation":"HSMs are physical devices that securely manage cryptographic keys and operations."}]},"title":"Data Encryption Techniques","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-2"},{"content":"$78","quiz":{"questions":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-0","questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}],"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0","text":"MD5"},{"text":"SHA-1","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"bcrypt","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"Argon2","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3"}],"questionText":"Which password hashing algorithm is currently recommended by NIST?","explanation":"Argon2 is the current NIST-recommended password hashing algorithm due to its memory-hard properties."},{"explanation":"FIDO2/WebAuthn uses cryptographic authentication tied to specific domains, preventing phishing.","questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"2","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}],"questionText":"Which MFA method is most resistant to phishing?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-1","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0","text":"SMS codes"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1","text":"TOTP"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2","text":"Push notifications"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3","text":"FIDO2 security keys"}]}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-2-lesson-3","projectTask":"","title":"Password Security & Authentication"}]},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3","title":"Ethical Hacking & Defense","lessons":[{"title":"Penetration Testing Methodology","projectTask":"","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"text":"Planning","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1","text":"Reconnaissance"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2","text":"Exploitation"},{"text":"Reporting","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3"}],"questionText":"Which penetration testing phase involves DNS lookups and WHOIS queries?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-0","questionType":"single","explanation":"Reconnaissance involves gathering information about the target, including passive methods like DNS lookups.","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]},{"questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-1","questionText":"What's required before conducting any penetration test?","explanation":"Written authorization is legally required to avoid prosecution under computer crime laws.","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-1-opt-0","text":"Vulnerability scanner"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-1-opt-1","text":"Written authorization"},{"text":"Social engineering toolkit","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-1-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0-q-1-opt-3","text":"Zero-day exploits"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]}]},"content":"## Structured Penetration Testing\n\n### Testing Phases:\n```markdown\n1. **Planning**:\n - Scope definition\n - Rules of engagement\n - Legal agreements\n\n2. **Reconnaissance**:\n - Passive: WHOIS, DNS records\n - Active: Port scanning\n\n3. **Exploitation**:\n - Gaining initial access\n - Privilege escalation\n\n4. **Post-Exploitation**:\n - Lateral movement\n - Data exfiltration simulation\n\n5. **Reporting**:\n - Executive summary\n - Technical findings\n - Remediation guidance\n```\n\n### Testing Types:\n```markdown\n- **Black Box**: No prior knowledge\n- **White Box**: Full knowledge\n- **Gray Box**: Partial knowledge\n```\n\n### Legal Considerations:\n```markdown\n- Written authorization\n- Scope limitations\n- Data handling agreements\n- Safe harbor clauses\n```\n\n### Tools:\n```markdown\n- Recon: Maltego, theHarvester\n- Scanning: Nmap, Nessus\n- Exploitation: Metasploit, Burp Suite\n- Post-Exploitation: Mimikatz, BloodHound\n```","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-0"},{"content":"## Modern Attack Vectors\n\n### Web Application Attacks:\n```markdown\n1. **SQL Injection**:\n - ' OR 1=1 -- \n - Mitigation: Prepared statements\n\n2. **XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)**:\n - \n - Mitigation: Output encoding\n\n3. **CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)**:\n - Forged requests from authenticated users\n - Mitigation: Anti-CSRF tokens\n```\n\n### Network Attacks:\n```markdown\n- **Man-in-the-Middle**:\n * ARP spoofing\n * SSL stripping\n\n- **DNS Spoofing**:\n * Poisoning cache\n * Pharming attacks\n```\n\n### Social Engineering:\n```markdown\n1. **Phishing**:\n - Spear phishing (targeted)\n - Whaling (executive targets)\n\n2. **Pretexting**:\n - Fake scenarios to extract info\n - Impersonation attacks\n\n3. **Baiting**:\n - Malicious USB drops\n - Fake software downloads\n```\n\n### Defense Strategies:\n```markdown\n- Regular patching\n- Security awareness training\n- Defense in depth\n- Least privilege principle\n```","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1","projectTask":"","title":"Common Attack Techniques","quiz":{"questions":[{"explanation":"XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) attacks inject client-side scripts into viewed web pages.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-0","options":[{"text":"SQL Injection","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1","text":"XSS"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2","text":"CSRF"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3","text":"DoS"}],"questionType":"single","questionText":"Which attack involves injecting malicious scripts into web pages?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-1","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-1-opt-0","text":"Phishing"},{"text":"ARP spoofing","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-1-opt-2","text":"Pretexting"},{"text":"DNS cache poisoning","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-1-q-1-opt-3"}],"questionText":"Select all social engineering techniques:","explanation":"Phishing and pretexting are social engineering, while ARP spoofing and DNS poisoning are network attacks.","questionType":"multi","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"0"},{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}]}]}},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionText":"What does CVSS stand for?","maxLength":35,"acceptableAnswers":[{"0":"C","1":"o","2":"m","3":"m","4":"o","5":"n","6":" ","7":"V","8":"u","9":"l","10":"n","11":"e","12":"r","13":"a","14":"b","15":"i","16":"l","17":"i","18":"t","19":"y","20":" ","21":"S","22":"c","23":"o","24":"r","25":"i","26":"n","27":"g","28":" ","29":"S","30":"y","31":"s","32":"t","33":"e","34":"m"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-0","explanation":"CVSS provides standardized vulnerability severity scores.","questionType":"short-answer"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-1","questionText":"Which vulnerability category is currently #1 in CWE Top 25?","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"explanation":"Out-of-bounds write vulnerabilities currently top the CWE Most Dangerous Software Weaknesses list.","options":[{"text":"SQL Injection","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-1-opt-1","text":"Buffer Overflow"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-1-opt-2","text":"Out-of-bounds Write"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-2-q-1-opt-3","text":"Cross-Site Scripting"}],"questionType":"single"}]},"projectTask":"","content":"## Vulnerability Management Lifecycle\n\n### Assessment Process:\n```markdown\n1. **Discovery**:\n - Asset inventory\n - Service identification\n\n2. **Scanning**:\n - Automated tools (Nessus, OpenVAS)\n - Credentialed vs non-credentialed\n\n3. **Analysis**:\n - False positive elimination\n - Risk scoring (CVSS)\n\n4. **Reporting**:\n - Executive summary\n - Technical details\n - Remediation roadmap\n```\n\n### CVSS Scoring:\n```markdown\n- **Base Score**:\n * Exploitability metrics\n * Impact metrics\n\n- **Temporal**:\n * Exploit code maturity\n * Remediation level\n\n- **Environmental**:\n * Organizational impact\n```\n\n### Common Vulnerabilities:\n```markdown\n- **CWE Top 25**:\n 1. Out-of-bounds Write\n 2. SQL Injection\n 3. Cross-Site Scripting\n\n- **Zero-Day Vulnerabilities**:\n * No available patch\n * Vendor notification process\n```\n\n### Patch Management:\n```markdown\n- Prioritization based on risk\n- Testing before deployment\n- Emergency change processes\n- Legacy system exceptions\n```","title":"Vulnerability Assessment"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3","content":"$79","title":"Incident Response & Forensics","projectTask":"","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"text":"Pay the ransom","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1","text":"Isolate infected systems"},{"text":"Reboot all servers","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"Contact public relations","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"explanation":"Containment through isolation prevents ransomware from spreading to additional systems.","questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-0","questionText":"What's the first priority when detecting ransomware?"},{"questionType":"single","questionText":"Which is most volatile in forensic terms?","explanation":"RAM is highly volatile and loses data when power is removed, making it a priority for capture.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-1","options":[{"text":"Hard disk","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0"},{"text":"RAM","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2","text":"SSD"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-3-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3","text":"Backup tapes"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"3","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]}]}}]},{"title":"Cloud & IoT Security","lessons":[{"title":"Cloud Security Fundamentals","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0","quiz":{"questions":[{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"options":[{"text":"Customer","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0"},{"text":"Cloud provider","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"Shared responsibility","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3","text":"Third-party vendor"}],"questionType":"single","questionText":"Who manages the operating system in PaaS?","explanation":"In Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), the cloud provider manages the OS and middleware.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-0"},{"questionType":"short-answer","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-0-q-1","explanation":"CSPM tools continuously monitor cloud environments for misconfigurations and compliance violations.","maxLength":35,"questionText":"What does CSPM stand for?","acceptableAnswers":[{"0":"C","1":"l","2":"o","3":"u","4":"d","5":" ","6":"S","7":"e","8":"c","9":"u","10":"r","11":"i","12":"t","13":"y","14":" ","15":"P","16":"o","17":"s","18":"t","19":"u","20":"r","21":"e","22":" ","23":"M","24":"a","25":"n","26":"a","27":"g","28":"e","29":"m","30":"e","31":"n","32":"t"}]}]},"content":"$7a","projectTask":""},{"projectTask":"","quiz":{"questions":[{"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0","text":"HTTP"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1","text":"MQTT"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2","text":"CoAP"},{"text":"Zigbee","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionText":"Which IoT protocol uses publish/subscribe model?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-0","explanation":"MQTT uses a publish/subscribe messaging pattern ideal for IoT device communication.","questionType":"single"},{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionType":"single","options":[{"text":"Insecure APIs","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-1-opt-1","text":"Weak passwords"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-1-opt-2","text":"Lack of encryption"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-1-opt-3","text":"No update mechanism"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1-q-1","explanation":"Weak, default, or hardcoded passwords remain the most common IoT vulnerability.","questionText":"What's the #1 risk in OWASP IoT Top 10?"}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-1","title":"IoT Security Challenges","content":"## Internet of Things Security\n\n### IoT Attack Surface:\n```markdown\n1. **Devices**:\n - Default credentials\n - Outdated firmware\n\n2. **Communication**:\n - Unencrypted protocols\n - Weak authentication\n\n3. **Cloud/Apps**:\n - Insecure APIs\n - Poor access controls\n```\n\n### Common IoT Protocols:\n```markdown\n- **MQTT**:\n * Publish/subscribe model\n * Often unauthenticated\n\n- **CoAP**:\n * REST-like for constrained devices\n * DTLS for security\n\n- **Zigbee**:\n * Mesh networking\n * AES-128 encryption\n```\n\n### Security Frameworks:\n```markdown\n1. **NIST IoT Cybersecurity Framework**:\n - Device identification\n - Data protection\n - Update mechanisms\n\n2. **OWASP IoT Top 10**:\n - Weak passwords\n - Insecure network services\n - Lack of update mechanism\n```\n\n### Hardening Strategies:\n```markdown\n- Change default credentials\n- Network segmentation (IoT VLAN)\n- Regular firmware updates\n- Disable unnecessary services\n```"},{"projectTask":"","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2","content":"## Securing Containerized Environments\n\n### Container Risks:\n```markdown\n- Vulnerable images\n- Excessive privileges\n- Runtime threats\n- Secrets management\n```\n\n### Docker Security Features:\n```markdown\n1. **Namespaces**: Process isolation\n2. **Cgroups**: Resource limits\n3. **Capabilities**: Privilege reduction\n4. **Seccomp**: System call filtering\n```\n\n### Kubernetes Security:\n```markdown\n- **Pod Security**:\n * SecurityContext\n * PodSecurityPolicy (deprecated)\n * Pod Security Admission\n\n- **Network Policies**:\n * Control pod-to-pod traffic\n * Default deny\n\n- **RBAC**:\n * Least privilege access\n * Service account restrictions\n```\n\n### Best Practices:\n```markdown\n1. Image Scanning:\n - Trivy, Clair\n\n2. Runtime Protection:\n - Falco, Aqua\n\n3. Supply Chain Security:\n - Sigstore, cosign\n```","title":"Container & Kubernetes Security","quiz":{"questions":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-0","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-0-opt-0","text":"Cgroups"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-0-opt-1","text":"Namespaces"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-0-opt-2","text":"Seccomp"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-0-opt-3","text":"AppArmor"}],"explanation":"Namespaces provide process isolation by giving each container its own view of the system.","questionText":"Which Linux feature provides container process isolation?","questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]},{"questionText":"What replaces PodSecurityPolicy in newer Kubernetes?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-1","explanation":"Pod Security Admission is the replacement for the deprecated PodSecurityPolicy.","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"options":[{"text":"NetworkPolicy","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-1-opt-0"},{"text":"Pod Security Admission","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-1-opt-1"},{"text":"RBAC","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-1-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-2-q-1-opt-3","text":"SecurityContext"}],"questionType":"single"}]}},{"quiz":{"questions":[{"explanation":"'Trust but verify' is the traditional security model that Zero Trust replaces with 'never trust, always verify'.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-0","questionText":"Which is NOT a Zero Trust principle?","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0","text":"Verify explicitly"},{"text":"Least privilege","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2","text":"Trust but verify"},{"text":"Assume breach","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"2"}],"questionType":"single"},{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"4","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0","text":"Deploy MFA"},{"text":"Identify sensitive data","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1"},{"text":"Buy new hardware","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2"},{"text":"Train all users","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3"}],"explanation":"Zero Trust implementation begins with identifying and classifying sensitive data assets.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3-q-1","questionType":"single","questionText":"What's the first step in Zero Trust implementation?"}]},"title":"Zero Trust Architecture","content":"## Implementing Zero Trust\n\n### Core Principles:\n```markdown\n1. Verify explicitly\n2. Least privilege access\n3. Assume breach\n4. Micro-segmentation\n5. Continuous validation\n```\n\n### Technology Components:\n```markdown\n- **Identity**:\n * MFA everywhere\n * Identity-aware proxies\n\n- **Devices**:\n * Endpoint detection\n * Health attestation\n\n- **Network**:\n * Software-defined perimeters\n * Encrypted tunnels\n```\n\n### Implementation Steps:\n```markdown\n1. Identify sensitive data\n2. Map transaction flows\n3. Architect Zero Trust network\n4. Create policy framework\n5. Monitor and maintain\n```\n\n### Vendor Solutions:\n```markdown\n- Google BeyondCorp\n- Microsoft Zero Trust\n- Zscaler Private Access\n- Cloudflare Access\n```\n\n### Challenges:\n```markdown\n- Legacy system integration\n- User experience impact\n- Policy complexity\n- Performance overhead\n```","projectTask":"","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4-lesson-3"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-4"},{"title":"Capstone Project","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5","lessons":[{"projectTask":"Create a comprehensive assessment plan document for your target environment","title":"Security Assessment Plan","content":"## Planning Your Security Assessment\n\n### Project Scope Definition:\n```markdown\n- **Target Systems**:\n * Web application (OWASP Juice Shop)\n * Network infrastructure\n * Cloud environment (AWS/Azure)\n\n- **Rules of Engagement**:\n * Authorized testing windows\n * Off-limits systems\n * Emergency contacts\n```\n\n### Methodology Selection:\n```markdown\n1. **Reconnaissance**:\n - Passive: WHOIS, DNS records\n - Active: Nmap scanning\n\n2. **Vulnerability Scanning**:\n - Nessus/OpenVAS\n - OWASP ZAP for web apps\n\n3. **Exploitation**:\n - Metasploit Framework\n - Manual testing\n```\n\n### Legal Considerations:\n```markdown\n- Signed authorization forms\n- Data handling agreements\n- Safe harbor provisions\n```\n\n### Deliverables Template:\n```markdown\n# Security Assessment Report\n\n## Executive Summary\n## Methodology\n## Findings (Critical/High/Medium/Low)\n## Recommendations\n## Appendix (Proof of Concept)\n```","quiz":{"questions":[{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-0","options":[{"text":"Vulnerability scanning","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-0-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-0-opt-1","text":"Written authorization"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-0-opt-2","text":"Tool configuration"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-0-opt-3","text":"Team briefing"}],"questionText":"What should always precede any security testing?","questionType":"single","explanation":"Written authorization is legally required before conducting any security testing to avoid legal consequences."},{"options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-1-opt-0","text":"Exploitation"},{"text":"Reconnaissance","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-1-opt-1"},{"text":"Reporting","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-1-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-1-opt-3","text":"Remediation"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"0","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionText":"Which phase involves DNS and WHOIS lookups?","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0-q-1","questionType":"single","explanation":"Reconnaissance involves gathering information about the target through passive methods like DNS lookups."}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-0"},{"title":"Conducting the Assessment","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1","quiz":{"questions":[{"explanation":"The -O flag enables nmap's operating system detection feature.","questionText":"Which nmap flag enables OS detection?","questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-0","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-0-opt-0","text":"-sV"},{"text":"-O","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-0-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-0-opt-2","text":"-T4"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-0-opt-3","text":"-A"}],"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}]},{"options":[{"text":"To save bandwidth","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-1-opt-0"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-1-opt-1","text":"To avoid detection"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-1-opt-2","text":"To prevent system crashes"},{"text":"All of the above","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-1-opt-3"}],"questionText":"Why is rate limiting important during scanning?","questionType":"single","explanation":"Rate limiting serves multiple purposes including avoiding detection, preventing denial of service, and conserving bandwidth.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-1-q-1","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"1","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"3"}]}]},"projectTask":"Perform a full security assessment on your target environment and document all findings","content":"## Hands-On Security Testing\n\n### Reconnaissance Tools:\n```bash\n# Passive reconnaissance\ntheHarvester -d example.com -b all\n\n# Active scanning\nnmap -sV -O -T4 target.ip\n```\n\n### Vulnerability Scanning:\n```bash\n# Web application scanning\nzap-cli quick-scan -s xss,sqli http://target\n\n# Network scanning\nnessuscli scan --policy \"Basic Scan\" target.ip\n```\n\n### Exploitation Examples:\n```bash\n# Metasploit example\nuse exploit/multi/http/struts2_content_type_ognl\nset RHOSTS target.ip\nset PAYLOAD linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp\nexploit\n\n# Manual SQL injection\ntesting' OR 1=1 -- \n```\n\n### Documentation Standards:\n```markdown\n- Screenshots with timestamps\n- Command-line histories\n- Network captures\n- Detailed notes on methodology\n```\n\n### Safety Measures:\n```markdown\n- Rate limiting scans\n- Avoiding production data\n- Having rollback plans\n```"},{"content":"## Creating Actionable Reports\n\n### Report Structure:\n```markdown\n1. **Executive Summary**:\n - Business impact\n - Risk overview\n\n2. **Technical Findings**:\n - Vulnerability details\n - CVSS scores\n - Proof of concept\n\n3. **Remediation Guidance**:\n - Immediate actions\n - Long-term fixes\n - Workarounds\n```\n\n### Risk Prioritization:\n```markdown\n- **Critical**: Remote code execution\n- **High**: SQL injection\n- **Medium**: Cross-site scripting\n- **Low**: Informational disclosures\n```\n\n### Presentation Techniques:\n```markdown\n- Visual heat maps\n- Before/after comparisons\n- Business impact analysis\n```\n\n### Remediation Tracking:\n```markdown\n- Jira integration\n- SLAs for fixes\n- Verification testing\n```\n\n### Sample Finding Entry:\n```markdown\n### SQL Injection (Critical)\n**Location**: /login.php\n**Impact**: Full database compromise\n**Fix**: Parameterized queries\n**Verification**: Retest after fix\n```","quiz":{"questions":[{"correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"2","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-0","explanation":"Remote code execution vulnerabilities are typically rated Critical due to their potential for complete system compromise.","questionText":"Which vulnerability would typically be rated Critical?","questionType":"single","options":[{"text":"Cross-site scripting","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-0-opt-0"},{"text":"Remote code execution","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"Information disclosure","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-0-opt-2"},{"text":"CSRF","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-0-opt-3"}]},{"questionText":"What does CVSS stand for?","acceptableAnswers":[{"0":"C","1":"o","2":"m","3":"m","4":"o","5":"n","6":" ","7":"V","8":"u","9":"l","10":"n","11":"e","12":"r","13":"a","14":"b","15":"i","16":"l","17":"i","18":"t","19":"y","20":" ","21":"S","22":"c","23":"o","24":"r","25":"i","26":"n","27":"g","28":" ","29":"S","30":"y","31":"s","32":"t","33":"e","34":"m"}],"maxLength":35,"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2-q-1","questionType":"short-answer","explanation":"CVSS provides standardized vulnerability severity scores for consistent risk assessment."}]},"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-2","title":"Reporting & Remediation","projectTask":"Prepare a professional security assessment report with prioritized findings and remediation steps"},{"content":"## Effective Communication of Results\n\n### Audience Adaptation:\n```markdown\n- **Executives**:\n * Business impact\n * Risk vs cost\n\n- **Technical Teams**:\n * Detailed reproduction steps\n * Code snippets\n```\n\n### Visualization Techniques:\n```markdown\n1. **Risk Heat Maps**:\n - Likelihood vs impact\n\n2. **Timelines**:\n - Attack progression\n\n3. **Network Diagrams**:\n - Compromise paths\n```\n\n### Presentation Skills:\n```markdown\n- Avoid jargon\n- Focus on business impact\n- Provide clear recommendations\n- Anticipate questions\n```\n\n### Handling Pushback:\n```markdown\n- Evidence-based responses\n- Cost-benefit analysis\n- Alternative solutions\n```\n\n### Follow-up Strategy:\n```markdown\n- Scheduled retesting\n- Metrics tracking\n- Security maturity progression\n```","projectTask":"Create and deliver a 10-minute presentation of your key findings to a simulated executive audience","quiz":{"questions":[{"questionType":"single","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"0","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"questionText":"What should executive presentations emphasize?","explanation":"Executive presentations should focus on business impact and risk management rather than technical details.","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0","options":[{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0-opt-0","text":"Technical details"},{"text":"Business impact","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0-opt-1"},{"text":"Code snippets","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0-opt-2"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-0-opt-3","text":"Raw scan data"}]},{"questionText":"Which visualization shows likelihood vs impact?","questionType":"single","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1","correctOptionIds":[{"0":"5","1":"x","2":"M","3":"c","4":"O","5":"X","6":"I","7":"d","8":"w","9":"W","10":"P","11":"k","12":"0","13":"8","14":"J","15":"F","16":"k","17":"2","18":"F","19":"5","20":"-","21":"m","22":"o","23":"d","24":"-","25":"5","26":"-","27":"l","28":"e","29":"s","30":"s","31":"o","32":"n","33":"-","34":"3","35":"-","36":"q","37":"-","38":"1","39":"-","40":"o","41":"p","42":"t","43":"-","44":"1"}],"explanation":"Risk heat maps visually represent vulnerabilities based on their likelihood and potential impact.","options":[{"text":"Network diagram","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-0"},{"text":"Risk heat map","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-1"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-2","text":"Timeline"},{"id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3-q-1-opt-3","text":"Pie chart"}]}]},"title":"Presenting Your Findings","id":"5xMcOXIdwWPk08JFk2F5-mod-5-lesson-3"}]}],"createdAt":"2025-07-29T12:29:56.983Z","longDescription":"This course provides a deep dive into cybersecurity fundamentals, covering threat landscapes, network security, cryptography, ethical hacking, and risk management. You'll learn to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond to incidents through hands-on labs and real-world scenarios.","dataAiHint":"cybersecurity concepts","description":"Learn the essential principles of cybersecurity, threat prevention, and security best practices to safeguard systems and data.","discountPercentage":10,"instructor":"Uwise","duration":"8 Weeks","welcomeAnnouncement":"","updatedAt":"2025-07-29T12:32:28.848Z","title":"Cybersecurity Fundamentals – Protecting Digital Assets","imageUrl":"https://res.cloudinary.com/avana/image/upload/v1753792346/fzj04fupygxbvvbk0u9b.jpg","category":"Tech"}]}]

Introduction to HTML – Building the Web

About this course

Curriculum

HTML Basics & Structure

Text Formatting & Semantic HTML

Links, Images & Media

Tables & Forms

HTML5 & Modern Features

Accessibility & SEO Best Practices

Project – Building a Complete Website

Next Steps in Web Development

Student Reviews